Baclofen

Indications

Baclofen is indicated in-

spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis
flexor spasms and concomitant pain, clonus and muscular rigidity
skeletal muscle spasm resulting from rheumatic disorders
spinal cord injuries and other spinal cord diseases
cerebrovascular accidents or neoplastic or degenerative brain disease

Pharmacology

Baclofen inhibits both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes at the spinal level by stimulating the GABA_Breceptors, which inhibits the release of glutamate and aspartate. It may also act at intraspinal sites producing CNS depression. Baclofen also exerts an antinociceptive effect.

Dosage & Administration

Adult & children over 10 years: 5 mg 3 times daily, preferably with or after food, gradually increased; max. 100 mg daily.

Children <10 years: Treatment is usually started with 2.5 mg (2.5 ml) given 4 times daily then raised according to requirement. Daily maintenance dose-

12 month-2 years: 10-20 mg (10-20 ml)
2 years-6 years: 20-30 mg (20-30 ml)
6 years-10 years: 30-60 mg (30-60 ml)

Interaction

Increased sedation may occur if Baclofen is taken with agents acting on the central nervous system, alcohol or synthetic opiates. The risk of respiratory depression is also increased.
Combined treatment with Baclofen and antihypertensives is likely to increase the fall in blood pressure; therefore the dosage of antihypertensive medication should be adjusted accordingly.
The concomitant administration of Baclofen and tricyclic antidepressants may potentiate the pharmacological effects of Baclofen resulting in pronounced muscular hypotonia.
In patients with Parkinsons disease receiving treatment with Baclofen and levodopa and carbidopa, there have been several reports of mental confusion, hallucinations, headaches, nausea and agitation.
The concurrent use of MAO inhibitors and Baclofen may result in increased CNS depressant effects. Caution is advised and the dosage of one or both agents should be adjusted accordingly.
Caution should be exercised when administering Baclofen and magnesium sulphate or other neuromuscular blocking agents since a synergistic effect may theoretically occur.

Contraindications

Baclofen is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component of this product.

Side Effects

The most common adverse reactions associated with Baclofen are transient drowsiness, daytime sedation, dizziness, weakness and fatigue.

Central Nervous System: Headache (<10%), insomnia (<10%), and rarely, euphoria, excitement, depression, confusion, hallucinations, paraesthesia, nightmares, muscle pain, tinnitus, slurred speech, co-ordination disorder, tremor, rigidity, dystonia, ataxia, blurred vision, nystagmus, strabismus, miosis, mydriasis, diplopia, dysarthria, epileptic seizures, respiratory depression.
Cardiovascular: Hypotension (<10%), rare instances of dyspnoea, palpitation, chest pain, syncope.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea (approximately 10%), constipation (<10%) and rarely, dry mouth, anorexia, taste disorder, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea and positive test for occult blood in stool.
Genitourinary: Urinary frequency (<10%) and rarely, enuresis, urinary retention, dysuria, impotence, inability to ejaculate, nocturia, haematuria.
Other: Instances of rash, pruritus, ankle oedema, excessive perspiration, weight gain, nasal congestion, visual disturbances, hepatic function disorders and paradoxical increase in spasticity. Muscular hypotonia of a degree sufficient to make walking or movement difficult may occur but is usually relieved by readjusting the dosage. For this purpose, the daytime dosage may be reduced and the evening dosage increased.

Pregnancy & Lactation

Pregnancy category B3. Safe use of Baclofen during pregnancy has not been established. Baclofen crosses the placental barrier. Baclofen should only be administered to pregnant women when in the judgement of the physician concludes that the potential benefits outweigh the possible hazards. Baclofen is excreted in breast milk however evidence to date suggests that the quantities are so small that no undesirable effects on the infant would be expected.

Precautions & Warnings

Lower doses (approximately 5 mg per day) should be used for patients with impaired renal function or those undergoing chronic haemodialysis.
Patients suffering not only from spasticity but also from psychotic disorders, schizophrenia, depressive or manic disorders or confusional states should be treated cautiously and closely monitored as exacerbations of these disorders may occur.
In patients with epilepsy and muscle spasticity, Baclofen may be used under appropriate supervision and provided that adequate anticonvulsive therapy is continued. Lowering of the convulsion threshold may occur and seizures have been reported after the cessation of Baclofen therapy or with overdose.
Baclofen should be used with caution in patients with or with a history of peptic ulcers, cerebrovascular diseases, or hepatic, renal or respiratory failure.
Careful monitoring of respiratory and cardiovascular function is essential especially in patients with cardiopulmonary disease and respiratory muscle weakness.
During treatment with Baclofen, neurogenic disturbances affecting emptying of the bladder may improve. However in patients with preexisting sphincter hypertonia, acute retention of urine may occur. Baclofen should be used with caution in these circumstances.
Baclofen has not significantly benefited patients with stroke. These patients have also shown poor tolerance to the medicine.
Appropriate laboratory tests should be performed periodically in patients with hepatic diseases or diabetes mellitus to ensure that no medicine induced changes in these underlying diseases have occurred.

Overdose Effects

Gastric lavage is important in case of severe overdose.

Therapeutic Class

Centrally acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Storage Conditions

Keep below 30°C temperature, away from light & moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

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